#pittenger, monson
def foolish(s):
    """s is a nonempty string.  returns
    the first and last characters of s concatenated."""
    return s[0] + s[-1]

#luke
def foolish(s):
    return s[0] + s[len(s) - 1]

def grader(b):
    return "PASS" if b else "FAIL"


print(grader(foolish("caterwaul") == "cl"))
print(grader(foolish("Z") == "ZZ"))